There are many different sizes of PVC pipe. Some are tiny, at 1/2", but others are huge at 12". The problem is that what the industry calls a 1" pipe is not actually 1" in diameter. Because of this confusing issue, many of our customers ask us, "What is the outside diameter of PVC pipe?" If you have the same question, it can be answered by the chart below. Keep reading to learn why the outer diameter, or "OD" of PVC pipe is not the same as what the name says.
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The outer diameter of PVC pipe is actually slightly larger than what its name says. This is because PVC pipe and fittings use a nominal system. That means that compatible parts are given the same name, so all 1" pipe will fit in 1" fittings and so on. The measurements in pipe names are the PVC nominal pipe sizes, but not how necessarily how far they measure across. This is a confusing concept, but the point of this nominal system is to make selecting the right parts easier.
The PVC pipe OD chart below shows the nominal size of the PVC pipe on the left along with the actual OD on the right. As mentioned before, the OD for schedule 40 and schedule 80 PVC pipe are always the same.
For regular schedule 40 PVC pipe, the title 1", for instance, means that the inner diameter (ID) is 1". The pipe walls themselves have a thickness, though. The OD of 1" PVC pipe is 1.315". Schedule 80 PVC pipe has thicker walls than schedule 40, but still has the same OD. This means that the ID of 1" schedule 80 PVC pipe is actually slightly less than 1". While ID of pipe may vary by schedule, the ID of fittings is always the same as the OD of the pipe it is meant to work with. Regardless of schedule, a 1" PVC pipe will fit into a 1" fitting. The outside diameter of PVC pipe fittings is unimportant, as you will probably never be putting a fitting inside a bigger fitting.
As PVC pipe increases in diameter, the walls must also be thicker. If the walls were too thin, the pipe would lack structural integrity. To find PVC pipe OD sizes, you cannot simply add a certain amount to the size on the label. The OD for 1/2" PVC pipe is 0.840" and the OD for 3" PVC pipe is 3.500". If the nominal size is the ID, then that means 1/2" PVC pipe walls are .170" thick and 3" PVC pipe walls are 0.250" thick. The wall thickness continues increasing as the pipe gets larger.
A common mistake many homeowners and inexperienced contractors make is using too small of a pipe for the flow rate of their pump. Always use the same size pipe, or even larger as the discharge port on the pumps.
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Pipe Size
Gallons Per Hour (GPH) Gallons Per Minute (GPM) 1/2" 480 8 3/4" 900 15 1" 1,500 25 1 1/4" 2,700 45 1 1/2" 3,600 60 2" 5,400 90 3" 13,500 225 4" 21,000 350 6" 42,000 700Head pressure is most often calculated in terms of actual vertical lift - the height water is being lifted. But, for a complete and accurate measurement of Total Dynamic Head Pressure, we have to also add in the Head Pressure or Loss created by the pipe itself. As water passes through pipe, friction reduces flow rate. The diameter and length of pipe can have a significant effect on the Total Dynamic Head Pressure.
Total Dynamic Head Pressure is the feet of Head (vertical rise) added to the friction loss created by the pipe. In most water features with relatively small runs (length of pipe), as long as you use pipe no smaller than the pump's discharge you will be fine. In larger installations with higher flow rates, taller heights and longer runs, the friction loss from the pipe can drastically reduce the flow rate that you may be trying to achieve.
To calculate Total Dynamic Head, add the Head (vertical lift) AND the horizontal Head Loss of the pipe diameter and length of the run.
For example, a 5,400 gph pump pushing water with vertical lift of 6 feet and a distance run of 75 feet would have a Total Dynamic Head of 15.30 Feet with 2" pipe, but would only have 7.35 Feet of Head with 3" pipe.
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